The association between hygiene, sanitation, and health is well documented, yet thousands of children die each year from exposure to contaminated fecal matter.
... انظر المزيد + At the same time, evidence on the effectiveness of at-scale behavior change interventions to improve sanitation and hygiene practices is limited. This paper presents the results of two large-scale, government-led handwashing and sanitation promotion campaigns in rural Tanzania. For the campaign, 181 wards were randomly assigned to receive sanitation promotion, handwashing promotion, both interventions together, or neither. One year after the end of the program, sanitation wards increased latrine construction rates from 38.6 to 51 percent and reduced regular open defecation from 23.1 to 11.1 percent. Households in handwashing wards show marginal improvements in handwashing behavior related to food preparation, but not at other critical junctures. Limited interaction is observed between handwashing and sanitation on intermediate outcomes: wards that received both handwashing and sanitation promotion are less likely to have feces visible around their latrine and more likely to have a handwashing station close to their latrine facility relative to individual treatment groups. Final health effects on child health measured through diarrhea, anemia, stunting, and wasting are absent in the single-intervention groups. The combined-treatment group produces statistically detectable, but biologically insignificant and inconsistent, health impacts. The results highlight the importance of focusing on intermediate outcomes of take-up and behavior change as a critical first step in large-scale programs before realizing the changes in health that sanitation and hygiene interventions aim to deliver.
رؤية أقل ـ
ورقة عمل خاصة ببحوث السياسات WPS7164 JAN 01, 2015
Briceno, Bertha; Coville, Aidan; Martinez , Sebastian
The development objective of the Second Central Transport Corridor Project for Tanzania is to reduce traffic congestion on Morogoro road, Sam Nujoma road, and Nelson Mandela road, and to improve passengers and goods transportation on the international corridors.
... انظر المزيد + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: (1) realigning the bridge structure and approach roads to minimize land take and effects to the building structures; (2) providing enough designated people crossing points to avoid people crossing at any road point; (3) establishing and maintaining proper and orderly material storage compounds and vehicle maintenance yards; (4) watering working road section (near human habitation and uninhabited sections to reduce occupational exposures and to improve traffic visibility);(5) providing adequate drainage channels; (6) providing working gear and camp management that is both hygienic and safe; (7) recruiting and employing casual labors before commencing of construction works; and (8) ensuring proper disposal of debris and other wastes resulted from construction activities and disposing in the designated municipal dumping site.
رؤية أقل ـ
The Accelerated Food Security Project for Tanzania contributed to higher food production and productivity in targeted areas by improving farmers' access to critical agricultural inputs.
... انظر المزيد + The outcome of the project was rated moderately satisfactory with the Bank performing moderately satisfactory and the Borrower performing moderately unsatisfactory. The overall risk to development was rated substantial. The project had several monitering and evaluation shortcomings. Therefore, data quality is poor. Although only one indicator (maize yield achieved by farmers with subsidized seed and fertilizer) out of the six project developmetn objective level indicators was fully achieved, the project made significant progress on most of its targets. Four key lessons were learned from the implementation of this project. Firstly, successful implementation of emergency operations significantly benefits from careful advance planning, especially procurement. Secondly, mainstreaming projects in line ministries works best when complemented by pragmatic solutions to implementation issues as they arise. Thirdly, agricultural input voucher programs can significantly increase productivity, but remain difficult to administer. Lastly, a final lesson learned is that inclusion of major civil works (e.g., the irrigation infrastructure) without expedited procurement arrangements, while well meaning, may not be best suited for these type of emergency operations. Such longer gestation investments could divert focus and contribute to implementation delays.
رؤية أقل ـ
تقرير إنجاز تنفيذ ونتائج المشروع ICR3242 DEC 23, 2014