The objective of the Marine Conservation and Climate Adaptation Project for Belize is to implement priority ecosystem-based marine conservation and climate adaptation measures to strengthen the climate resilience of the Belize Barrier Reef System.
... انظر المزيد + Specifically, the project will support: (i) improvement of the coral reef protection regime including an expansion and enforcement of the Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and replenishment (no-take) zones in strategic locations to build climate resilience, (ii) promotion of sustainable alternative livelihoods and income diversification for affected users of the reef, and (iii) building local capacity and raising awareness regarding the importance of the overall health of the reef ecosystem to its climate resilience and, consequently to community welfare as well as the growth prospect of the countrys economy. The project consists of four components. Component one is aimed at supporting the conservation of marine and coastal ecosystems in the territory of the Recipient. Component two is aimed at promoting economically viable and sustainable alternative livelihoods for communities adversely impacted by climate change and by the expansion and consolidation of Marine Protected Areas and replenishment zones under the Project. Component three is aimed at raising awareness of the impacts of climate change and the value of marine conservation and building local capacity for the adoption of climate resilient practices by, among others, carrying out a climate change knowledge, attitude, and behavioral practice survey, disseminating information about the Project, designing and implementing a coordinated behavior change communication strategy, and supporting inter-community learning and dialogue. Component four is aimed at supporting: (a) Project management and implementation support including technical, administrative and fiduciary support and compliance with 9 environmental and social safeguards; and (b) monitoring and evaluation, data collection, and stakeholder involvement and coordination.
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The objective of the Ghana forest Investment Program Enhancing Natural Forest and Agroforest Landscapes Project is to improve forest and tree management practices by cocoa farmers, CREMA communities and forest reserve managers to reduce forest loss and degradation in selected landscapes in Ghana's High Forest Zone.
... انظر المزيد + The overall goal of the Forest Investment Program (FIP)-financed activities in Ghana is to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, while reducing poverty and conserving biodiversity. The overall goal of the FIP-financed program in Ghana is to reduce GHG emissions from deforestation and forest degradation while reducing poverty and conserving biodiversity. Ghanas FIP Program was designed in 2012 with three components implemented by World Bank African Development Bank and IFC. These projects are designed to work together in a programmatic, landscape level approach, managed by the Ministry of Land and Natural Resources to reduce pressure on forests through an integrated landscape approach. The Multilateral Development Banks (MDB) components are also geographically positioned on the ground to avoid overlap and duplication. The project being discussed here consists of the following four components: (1) Policy Reforms and Institutional Strengthening. This component consists of efforts to advance implementation of reformed policies, improve the enabling environment, and strengthen the institutional means to achieve sustainable landscape and forest management. (2) Pilot Investments for Improved Forest and Landscape Management with Communities. Field- and community based investments are the core of the project. These will aim to establish and demonstrate improved forest and landscape management practices, while building the case for wider replication in terms of results. (3) Innovation, Capacity Building and Communications. This component will support communication, capacity building, and monitoring activities to support innovation, engage communities, and provide information relevant for improved landscape management practices. (4) Project Management, Monitoring and Coordination. This component will support project management and oversight, project monitoring and evaluation system, and wider coordination of the range of FIP-financed activities, including reporting at the international level. رؤية أقل ـ
وثيقة التقييم المُسبق للمشروع PAD1008 FEB 05, 2015
This report specifically deals with air pollution, which was reported, by the World Health Organization (WHO), as the single largest environmental health risk globally in 2012 (WHO, 2014a).
... انظر المزيد + Air pollution from outdoor and household sources jointly account for more than 7 million deaths (3.7 million from ambient air pollution and 4.3 million from household air pollution). The following sections of this chapter present the objectives of, and key aspects of the institutional context for, this report followed by an examination of some of the major drivers of deteriorating ambient air quality in developing countries; air pollution sources and impacts; and the status of air quality management in developing countries. Chapter two presents the results of a desk-based portfolio review of World Bank projects that are relevant to reduction of air pollution. This is followed, in chapter three, by an examination of case studies of World Bank projects whose objectives include addressing ambient air pollution, highlighting good practices and lessons for future work of the Bank in supporting clients. Chapter four presents possible approaches for enhancing future Bank support in helping clients to improve air quality and reduce the associated adverse health outcomes. Chapter five presents overall conclusions and recommendations.
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This report comprises case studies with three companies: Royal Dutch Shell, Rio Tinto, and Pacific Gas and Electric (PGE), capturing their experiences and lessons learned preparing for and operating under policies that price carbon emissions.
... انظر المزيد + These companies operate in one or several jurisdictions where emissions trading has been implemented and therefore provide useful insights for other companies facing similar circumstances. The lessons learned can also serve as a valuable resource for policy makers designing new systems to reduce emissions. These case studies illustrate the benefits of incorporating climate change policies into corporate strategies; analyzing risks and opportunities in an environment of new public policies; and engaging effectively with relevant stakeholders, including governments. These case studies also show how carbon assets are traded and what systems are being constructed to monitor, report, and verify company level GHG emissions. While these case studies are primarily meant to guide private companies facing carbon pricing regulation, they also provide lessons for policy makers.
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This paper documents a mapping exercise that outlines the key elements and design features of offset programs. It was prepared with the intent to provide an overview of the key features of selected offset programs and to draw out similarities and differences.
... انظر المزيد + It discusses the essential differences and similarities between programs. It identifies the main elements and design features of 11 different offset programs and discusses how these programs address key issues including efficiency, environmental integrity, applicability, and transaction costs. It does not evaluate the implications of the different design features. The considered offset programs build on many common elements in terms of governance structure, methodologies, and processes. All offset programs aim to balance the goal of quality assurance (i.e. safeguarding environmental integrity) with the need to keep costs and risks for programs and project developers minimal and to provide clear and predictable rules and guidance. Learning from existing programs may be beneficial for emerging offset programs to avoid reinventing the wheel, as well as to ensure optimum program design and attractiveness to the market. Aiming for a certain level of consistency and comparability in the design between the different programs may also be beneficial to enable potential future linking between systems. This note may be useful for countries that are contemplating different designs of carbon offset programs and other crediting mechanisms.
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The development objective of the Dedicated Grant Mechanism (DGM) for Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (IPLCs) including, a Global Learning and Knowledge Exchange Project for the World is to strengthen the capacity of IPLCs to participate in the forest investment program and other Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) programs at local, national, and global levels.
... انظر المزيد + Forests comprise the largest terrestrial carbon pool and balance the global carbon budget storing nearly 247gigatons of carbon (45 percent of terrestrial carbon) in their biomass for decades or longer, releasing it to the atmosphere only when burned or cleared for other land uses. Deforestation and forest degradation, however, continue to mobilize greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere, disturbing the carbon cycle and contributing to global warming. REDD has emerged as a promising approach that can tackle forest-based emissions and contribute to development outcomes. Greater voice and role for IPLCs will make REDD+ more effective in achieving its goals. The DGM program objective will be achieved by: (i) establishing and strengthening representative IPLC-led governing bodies for DGM decision-making in forest investment program (FIP) pilot countries and at the global level; (ii) providing grants to IPLCs in FIP pilot countries for initiatives consistent with DGM and FIP criteria; (iii) providing training and capacity development in leadership, management, and technical skills to IPLCs at country and global levels; (iv) facilitating knowledge exchange and learning on REDD+ and climate change issues between and among IPLCs at regional and global levels; (v) strengthening networks and alliances of IPLC organizations within and across regions; and (vi) enabling scale up of successful local solutions for forest and landscape management. The program has two parts - the first part comprises the DGM country projects and the second, the global learning and knowledge exchange project which serves as an umbrella to the entire program.
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Ratings for the Santiago Composting Project for Chile were as follows: outcomes were satisfactory, risk to development outcome was not applicable, Bank performance was moderately unsatisfactory, and Borrower performance was unsatisfactory.
... انظر المزيد + The objective of the project was to build and operate a composting facility to treat urban biodegradable waste and non-toxic wastewater sludge. This will be done through the operation of a composting facility in Santiago, Chile to treat urban biodegradable waste and non-toxic wastewater sludge. The operation was designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions that usually occur as waste degrades in landfills through the diversion of waste to the composting facility and was also anticipated to contribute to sustainable waste management in Santiago. The reduction in greenhouse emissions would be verified and sold as Verified Emissions Reductions to the World Bank, acting as a trustee for the Spanish Carbon Fund. The private company sponsoring the compost project, Agroindustrial Pullihue Ltda., will retain the resulting revenues. The risk assessment completed during the appraisal stage identified the risks which in the end contributed to its termination. Because of the nature of the CDM mechanism and its performance-based approach, the World Bank assumes a lower burden of these risks relative to investment lending or grant financing mechanisms. This may have led to the carbon finance operation moving ahead even with multiple high risks remaining at appraisal. The risks were too high in terms of significance and number to justify the effort and transaction costs made to sign the emissions reduction purchase agreement and supervise the initial stages of implementation. The risks needed to be mitigated further at appraisal or the carbon finance operation dropped completely. It acts as a reminder that even in performance-based projects, risk assessments should be considered carefully at the stage of project appraisal.
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This study estimates marginal increase in malnutrition for children ages 1-3 years from exposure to an extreme shock in the West African Sahel.
... انظر المزيد + The study uses knowledge of a child's birth and high resolution spatial and temporal distribution of shocks, calculated from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and satellite-based measures of rainfall and temperature to link a child to the shock experienced in-utero. The study finds that while around 20 percent of the children in the sample are stunted or underweight, more than 30 percent of the children in the sample are highly vulnerable to either form of malnutrition.
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Wind and solar energy is a fast-growing share of the global energy mix. But integrating them into power-system operations requires significant adaptations to compensate for their variability.
... انظر المزيد + Solutions include increasing the amount of flexible generation within the system, combining, and dispersing variable resources to smooth aggregate output, expanding the transmission network, using smart technology to control supply and demand, and storing electricity.
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This study seeks to understand how materials scarcity and competition from alternative uses affects the potential for widespread deployment of solar electricity in the long run, in light of related technology and policy uncertainties.
... انظر المزيد + Simulation results of a computable partial equilibrium model predict a considerable expansion of solar electricity generation worldwide in the near decades, as generation technologies improve and production costs fall. Increasing materials scarcity becomes a significant constraint for further expansion of solar generation, which grows considerably slower in the second half of the coming century. Solar generation capacity increases with higher energy demand, squeezing consumption in industries that compete for scarce minerals. Stringent climate policies hamper growth in intermittent solar photovoltaics backed by fossil fuel powered plants, but lead to a small increase in non-intermittent concentrated solar power technology. By the end of the coming century, solar electricity remains a marginal source of global electricity supply even in the world of higher energy demand, strict carbon regulations, and generation efficiency improvements.
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This third report in the Turn Down the Heat series covers three World Bank regions: Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC); the Middle East and North Africa (MENA); and parts of Europe and Central Asia (ECA).
... انظر المزيد + The focus is on the risks of climate change to development. While covering a range of sectors, special attention is paid to projected impacts on food and energy systems, water resources, and ecosystem services. The report also considers the social vulnerability that could magnify or moderate the climate change repercussions for human well-being. The report complements the first Turn Down the Heat report (2012) that offered a global overview of climate change and its impacts in a 4 degrees Celsius world and concluded that impacts are expected to be felt disproportionately in developing countries around the equatorial regions. Also, it extends the analysis in the second report (2013) that focused on the consequences of climate change for present day, 2 degrees Celsius, and 4 degrees Celsius warming above pre-industrial levels in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and South East Asia and demonstrated the potential of early onset impacts at lower levels of warming.
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