This report comprises case studies with three companies: Royal Dutch Shell, Rio Tinto, and Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E), capturing their experiences and lessons learned preparing for and operating under policies that price carbon emissions.
... انظر المزيد + These companies operate in one or several jurisdictions where emissions trading has been implemented and therefore provide useful insights for other companies facing similar circumstances. The lessons learned can also serve as a valuable resource for policy makers designing new systems to reduce emissions. These case studies illustrate the benefits of incorporating climate change policies into corporate strategies; analyzing risks and opportunities in an environment of new public policies; and engaging effectively with relevant stakeholders, including governments. These case studies also show how carbon assets are traded and what systems are being constructed to monitor, report, and verify company level GHG emissions. While these case studies are primarily meant to guide private companies facing carbon pricing regulation, they also provide lessons for policy makers.
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This paper documents a mapping exercise that outlines the key elements and design features of offset programs. It was prepared with the intent to provide an overview of the key features of selected offset programs and to draw out similarities and differences.
... انظر المزيد + It discusses the essential differences and similarities between programs. It identifies the main elements and design features of 11 different offset programs and discusses how these programs address key issues including efficiency, environmental integrity, applicability, and transaction costs. It does not evaluate the implications of the different design features. The considered offset programs build on many common elements in terms of governance structure, methodologies, and processes. All offset programs aim to balance the goal of quality assurance (i.e. safeguarding environmental integrity) with the need to keep costs and risks for programs and project developers minimal and to provide clear and predictable rules and guidance. Learning from existing programs may be beneficial for emerging offset programs to avoid reinventing the wheel, as well as to ensure optimum program design and attractiveness to the market. Aiming for a certain level of consistency and comparability in the design between the different programs may also be beneficial to enable potential future linking between systems. This note may be useful for countries that are contemplating different designs of carbon offset programs and other crediting mechanisms.
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Ratings for the Santiago Composting Project for Chile were as follows: outcomes were satisfactory, risk to development outcome was not applicable, Bank performance was moderately unsatisfactory, and Borrower performance was unsatisfactory.
... انظر المزيد + The objective of the project was to build and operate a composting facility to treat urban biodegradable waste and non-toxic wastewater sludge. This will be done through the operation of a composting facility in Santiago, Chile to treat urban biodegradable waste and non-toxic wastewater sludge. The operation was designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions that usually occur as waste degrades in landfills through the diversion of waste to the composting facility and was also anticipated to contribute to sustainable waste management in Santiago. The reduction in greenhouse emissions would be verified and sold as Verified Emissions Reductions to the World Bank, acting as a trustee for the Spanish Carbon Fund. The private company sponsoring the compost project, Agroindustrial Pullihue Ltda., will retain the resulting revenues. The risk assessment completed during the appraisal stage identified the risks which in the end contributed to its termination. Because of the nature of the CDM mechanism and its performance-based approach, the World Bank assumes a lower burden of these risks relative to investment lending or grant financing mechanisms. This may have led to the carbon finance operation moving ahead even with multiple high risks remaining at appraisal. The risks were too high in terms of significance and number to justify the effort and transaction costs made to sign the emissions reduction purchase agreement and supervise the initial stages of implementation. The risks needed to be mitigated further at appraisal or the carbon finance operation dropped completely. It acts as a reminder that even in performance-based projects, risk assessments should be considered carefully at the stage of project appraisal.
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Wind and solar energy is a fast-growing share of the global energy mix. But integrating them into power-system operations requires significant adaptations to compensate for their variability.
... انظر المزيد + Solutions include increasing the amount of flexible generation within the system, combining, and dispersing variable resources to smooth aggregate output, expanding the transmission network, using smart technology to control supply and demand, and storing electricity.
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This study estimates marginal increase in malnutrition for children ages 1-3 years from exposure to an extreme shock in the West African Sahel.
... انظر المزيد + The study uses knowledge of a child's birth and high resolution spatial and temporal distribution of shocks, calculated from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and satellite-based measures of rainfall and temperature to link a child to the shock experienced in-utero. The study finds that while around 20 percent of the children in the sample are stunted or underweight, more than 30 percent of the children in the sample are highly vulnerable to either form of malnutrition.
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This study seeks to understand how materials scarcity and competition from alternative uses affects the potential for widespread deployment of solar electricity in the long run, in light of related technology and policy uncertainties.
... انظر المزيد + Simulation results of a computable partial equilibrium model predict a considerable expansion of solar electricity generation worldwide in the near decades, as generation technologies improve and production costs fall. Increasing materials scarcity becomes a significant constraint for further expansion of solar generation, which grows considerably slower in the second half of the coming century. Solar generation capacity increases with higher energy demand, squeezing consumption in industries that compete for scarce minerals. Stringent climate policies hamper growth in intermittent solar photovoltaics backed by fossil fuel powered plants, but lead to a small increase in non-intermittent concentrated solar power technology. By the end of the coming century, solar electricity remains a marginal source of global electricity supply even in the world of higher energy demand, strict carbon regulations, and generation efficiency improvements.
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This third report in the Turn Down the Heat series covers three World Bank regions: Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC); the Middle East and North Africa (MENA); and parts of Europe and Central Asia (ECA).
... انظر المزيد + The focus is on the risks of climate change to development. While covering a range of sectors, special attention is paid to projected impacts on food and energy systems, water resources, and ecosystem services. The report also considers the social vulnerability that could magnify or moderate the climate change repercussions for human well-being. The report complements the first Turn Down the Heat report (2012) that offered a global overview of climate change and its impacts in a 4 degrees Celsius world and concluded that impacts are expected to be felt disproportionately in developing countries around the equatorial regions. Also, it extends the analysis in the second report (2013) that focused on the consequences of climate change for present day, 2 degrees Celsius, and 4 degrees Celsius warming above pre-industrial levels in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and South East Asia and demonstrated the potential of early onset impacts at lower levels of warming.
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The objective of the Energy Sector Development Project for Tuvalu is to enhance Tuvalus energy security by reducing its dependence on imported fuel for power generation and by improving the efficiency and sustainability of its electricity system.
... انظر المزيد + This project consists of the following three components: Component 1. Renewable Energy Investments. Supply and installation, for Tuvalu Electricity Corporation (TEC), of power-generation and grid-management equipment to increase the contribution of renewable energy in Tuvalus hybrid generation system and to reduce diesel generation. This equipment will include (a) solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind-power generation; (b) batteries, sufficient for the hybrid systems storage requirements, including the expected energy spillovers from the New Zealand and Masdar solar PV systems that are now being built without storage; (c) battery inverters and an integrated power control system to provide grid stability and other ancillary services; and (d) a satellite-based communications system on Funafuti and three of the seven outer islands. Component 2. Energy Efficiency Investments. A program of activities designed to enhance efficient use of energy will be carried out. These activities include: (a) Supply and installation of prepayment meters for TEC consumers and smart meters for the largest electricity consumers; (b) Supply and installation of selected energy efficiency (EE) investments, such as enhanced insulation in buildings to be selected by TEC in accordance with criteria agreed with the Bank, and replacement of inefficient lighting and appliances in said buildings; (c) Development of policy, standards and labeling for EE; and (d) Activities aimed at raising consumer awareness on EE and related capacity-building activities and training. Component 3. Technical Assistance and Project Management Support. A program of activities designed to enhance the capacity of TEC and other Government of Tuvalu staff for project implementation will be carried out. These activities include coordination, administration, technical operation, procurement, financial management, environmental and social management, monitoring, evaluation, and reporting.
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Ratings for the Eco-Farming Project for China were as follows: outcomes were satisfactory, risk to development outcome was moderate, Bank performance was satisfactory, and Borrower performance was satisfactory.
... انظر المزيد + Some lessons learned included: favorable national regulatory frameworks and policy instruments for biogas development and livestock pollution control provided legal ground and financial incentives for a successful project implementation. Stakeholders' commitment, dedication, and capabilities are critical to ensure project success, sustainability, and ownership. Despite attractive financial returns and positive social and environmental benefits of the project investment, up-front significant subsidies as financial incentives are required to share the initial capital cost of the project facilities to help mobilize household participation. One of the key reasons for the smooth operation of the clean development mechanism (CDM) pilot program was the integration of the CDM operations into the Bank loan investment project.
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تقرير إنجاز تنفيذ ونتائج المشروع ICR2511 DEC 23, 2014
The Amman Solid Waste Management and Carbon Finance Project received the following ratings in its assessment of outcomes: 'High' for Objectives; 'Modest' for Design and implementation; 'Modest' for Achievement of Project Development Objectives; 'Negligible' for Efficiency; and 'Moderately Unsatisfactory' for Overall Outcome Rating.
... انظر المزيد + It also received ratings in the following criteria: 'Moderate' for Assessment of Risk to Development Outcome; 'Moderately Satisfactory' for Overall Bank Performance; and 'Moderately Unsatisfactory' for Overall Borrower Performance. Going forward it was determined that the Bank should be willing to take risks, including in innovative project concepts, but targets should be conservative and the restructuring bar should be set correspondingly low. It was also determined that carbon finance is a results-based instrument that is very closely linked to successful implementation of the underlying project, and that decisions regarding location of solid waste infrastructure in urban areas should be settled fully before appraisal. There were also instances where the Bank faced conflicts of interests, resulting from its representation of multiple stakeholders' interests in this project.
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تقرير إنجاز تنفيذ ونتائج المشروع ICR3267 DEC 22, 2014
This forest policy note (FPN) offers an outside view of the Moldovan forestry sector, provides some strategic guidance to help define sector goals, and identifies opportunities for consideration in the continued development of the sector and for the implementation of the Moldova and World Bank (WB) country partnership strategy (CPS).
... انظر المزيد + This study is based on a number of short visits to Moldova and on a number of background studies undertaken during the implementation of both phases of the European neighborhood and partnership instrument (ENPI) east countries, forest law enforcement and governance (FLEG) program. The WB CPS for Moldova recognizes that the forestry sector plays an important role for competitiveness and climate change but has not received the attention it deserves. This FPN builds on previous work within the forestry sector. It aims to inform the WB project formulation process and the forestry sector by reviewing the sector and highlighting the main policy issues and identifying possible actions.
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The outcome of the Bolivia Urban Wastewater Methane Gas Capture Project was moderately satisfactory with a moderate risk to the development outcome.
... انظر المزيد + Performances by both the Bank and Borrower were satisfactory. There were three main lessons learned from this project and they are as follows: (1) Evolving Rules and Laws. At the time of project preparation, both the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) rules and country level definition of sustainable development were under development, and therefore were susceptible to changes. Keeping the likelihood for changes in procedures in mind as a risk factor was an important consideration for CDM projects at that time (2) Strong Project Entity with Proven Implementation Capacity. The implementation success of the infrastructure part of the project can be attributed to the competence and interest of the implementing entity to carry out the project. The choice of implementing agency was thus of key importance in the project design and (3) Environmental benefits of methane gas capture facilities. The fact that 3 functioning methane gas capture facilities were eventually realized highlights the value of this investment.
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The development objective of the Forest Investment Program : Enhancing Natural Forest and Agro-forest Landscapes Project for Ghana is to improve forest and tree management practices by cocoa farmers, community resource management area (CREMA) communities, and forest reserve managers to reduce forest loss and degradation in selected landscape corridors in Ghana's high forest zone.
... انظر المزيد + Negative impacts include: relocation or loss of shelter; loss of assets or access to assets; or loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location; or the involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons. Mitigation measures include: promote public awareness and local communities participation in sustainable forest, wildlife and land use management and utilization; to review, update, harmonize and consolidate existing legislation and policies affecting land, forest and mineral resources; to promote and facilitate effective private sector participation in land service delivery, forest, wildlife and mineral resource management and utilization; involuntary resettlement should be avoided where feasible, or minimized, exploring all viable alternative project designs; and where it is not feasible to avoid resettlement, resettlement activities should be conceived and executed as sustainable development programs, providing sufficient investment resources to enable the persons displaced by the project to share in project benefits. Displaced persons should be meaningfully consulted and should have opportunities to participate in planning and implementing resettlement programs.
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What is second-generation biofuel technology worth to global society? A dynamic, computable partial equilibrium model (called FABLE) is used to assess changes in global land use for crops, livestock, biofuels, forestry, and environmental services, as well as greenhouse gas emissions, with and without second-generation biofuels technology.
... انظر المزيد + The difference in the discounted stream of global valuations of land-based goods and services gives the value of second-generation technology to society. Under baseline conditions, this to amounts to $64.2 billion at today's population or an increase of roughly 0.3 percent in the valuation of the world's land resources. This gain arises despite the fact that, in the baseline scenario, the technology does not become commercially viable until 2035. Alternative scenarios considered include: diminished crop yield growth owing to adverse climate impacts, flat energy prices, low economic growth, and high population growth, as well as greenhouse gas regulation. The most important factor driving second-generation valuation is greenhouse gas regulation, which more than doubles the social value of this technology. Flat energy prices essentially eliminate the value of second-generation technology to society, and high population growth reduces its value because of the heightened competition for land for food production.
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ورقة عمل خاصة ببحوث السياسات WPS7142 DEC 01, 2014
Hertel, Thomas W.; Steinbuks, Jevgenijs; Tyner, Wallace E.
The Amazon rainforest, the world's largest and most biodiverse, represents a global public good of which 15 percent has already been lost. The worldwide value of preserving the remaining forest is today unknown.
... انظر المزيد + A "Delphi" exercise was conducted involving more than 200 environmental valuation experts from 36 countries, who were asked to predict the outcome of a survey to elicit willingness to pay for Amazon forest preservation among their own countries' populations. Expert judgments of average willingness-to-pay levels, per household per year, to fund a plan to protect all of the current Amazon rainforest up to 2050, range from $4 to $36 in 12 Asian countries, to near $100 in Canada, Germany, and Norway, with other high-income countries in between. Somewhat lower willingness-to-pay values were found for a less strict plan that allows a 12 percent further rainforest area reduction. The elasticity of experts' willingness-to-pay assessments with respect to own-country per capita income is slightly below but not significantly different from unity when results are pooled across countries and income is adjusted for purchasing power parity.
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The development objective of the Second Climate Change Development Policy Operation Project for Mozambique is to build effective institutional and policy frameworks for climate resilient development.
... انظر المزيد + The operation has two pillars: (i) strengthening national policy and institutional frameworks for climate resilient planning; and (ii) strengthening climate resilience in sectors. The first pillar supports cross-cutting reforms that will institutionalize and implement climate change actions at the national, sector, and provincial levels. The second pillar supports the integration of climate resilient planning and development at the sectoral level and focuses support on agriculture, hydro-meteorological services and disaster risk management, human development (health and social protection), and infrastructure (energy, roads, and hydrometeorology). The sector areas included in this development policy operation (DPO) series have been identified as priority reform areas by the Government of Mozambique (GoM). The latter embarked on an ambitious program to build the climate resilience of the country, and introduced six reforms under the first operation. Seven reforms have been introduced under the second operation of this series. There is strong demand to continue with support for further reforms in the sectors covered under the series.
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