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The inverting pyramid : pension systems facing demographic challenges in Europe and Central Asia (Vol. 1 of 2) : Overview (الإنجليزية)

The pension and old age security systems that originated in Europe in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have been effective in sharply reducing poverty rates among the elderly throughout Europe. However, in many countries of the Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region, these systems now comprise the single largest expenditure item in the government budget. Current demographic trends in the region, however, suggest that further reforms will be needed...
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